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Lake Van ; is the biggest lake in Turkey, located in the far east of the country in Van district. It is a saline and soda lake, receiving water from numerous small streams that descend from the surrounding mountains. Lake Van is one of the world’s largest endorheic lakes (having no outlet). The original outlet from the basin was blocked by an ancient volcanic eruption.

Lake Van is 119 kilometres (74 mi) throughout at its widest point, calculating a depth of 171 metres (561 ft) with a maximum documented depth of 451 metres (1,480 ft). The lake surface lies 1,640 metres (5,380 ft) above sea level and the shore length is 430 kilometres (270 mi). Lake Van has an area of 3,755 km2 (1,450 sq mi) and a volume of 607 cubic kilometres (146 cu mi).

The western portion of the lake is deepest, with a big basin deeper than 400 m lying northeast of Tatvan and south of Ahlat. The eastern arms of the lake are shallower. The Van-Ahtamar portion shelves gradually, with a maximum depth of about 250 m on its northwest side where it joins the rest of the lake. The Erciş arm is much shallower, mostly less than 50 m (160 ft), with a maximum depth of about 150 m .

The lake water is highly alkaline and rich in sodium carbonate and other salts, which are extracted by evaporation and used as detergents.

The lake’s outlet was blocked at some time during the Pleistocene, when lava flows from Nemrut volcano blocked westward outflow towards the Muş Plain. Now inactive, Nemrut Dağı is close to the western shore of the lake, and another dormant stratovolcano, Süphan Dağı dominates the northern side of the lake.

The water level of the lake has often changed dramatically: near Tatvan, Oswald (see Geology of Armenia, 1901) noted a raised beach high above the present level of the lake as well as recently drowned trees. Investigation by Degens and others in the early 1980s decided that the highest lake levels (72 metre distances) above the present height) had been throughout the last ice age, about 18,000 years ago. About 9,500 years ago there was a spectacular drop to more than 300 metres (980 ft) below the present level. This was followed by an equally dramatic rise around 6,500 years ago.

Similar but smaller variances have been seen recently. The level of the lake rose by at least three metres during the 1990s, drowning much agricultural land, and (after a brief period of stability and then retreat) seems to be rising again. The level rose about 2 meters in the 10 years instantly prior to 2004.

As a deep lake with no outlet, Lake Van has accumulated great quantities of sediment washed in from surrounding plains and valleys, and occasionally deposited as ash from eruptions of nearby volcanoes. This layer of deposit is believed to be up to 400 metres thick in places, and has attracted climatologists and vulcanologists interested in drilling cores to examine the layered sediments.

In 1989 and 1990, an worldwide team of geologists led by Dr. Stephan Kempe from the University of Hamburg (now Professor at the Technische Universität Darmstadt) retrieved ten sediment cores from depths up to 446 m (1,463 ft). Although these cores only penetrated the first few meters of sediment, they provided sufficient varves to give environment data for up to 14,570 years BP.
A team of scientists going by palaeontologist Professor Thomas Litt at the University of Bonn has utilized for funding from the International Continental Scientific Drilling Program (ICDP) for a new, much deeper drilling project to examine the lake’s sediments. Litt expects to find that “Lake Van stores the environment history of the last 800,000 years-an incomparable treasure house of data which we want to tap for at least the last 500,000 years.A test drilling in 2004 detected evidence of fifteen volcanic eruptions in the past 20,000 years.

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Ecology

The only fish known to live in the brackish water of Lake Van is Chalcalburnus tarichi the Pearl Mullet or inci kefalı, a Cyprinid fish related to chub and dace, which is caught during the spring floods. In May and June, these fish progress from the lake to less alkaline water, breeding either near the mouths of the rivers giving the lake or in the rivers themselves. After spawning season it returns to the lake.
103 species of phytoplankton have been recorded in the lake including flagellates, diatoms, bacteria, cyanobacteria, green algae and brown algae. 36 species of zooplankton have also been recorded including Rotatoria, Cladocera and Copepoda in the lake.
In 1991, scientists reported the discovery of 40 m (130 ft) tall microbialites in Lake Van. These are solid towers on the lake bed created by mats of coccoid cyanobacteria (Pleurocapsa group) that create aragonite in combination with calcite stressfull out of the lake water.
The Lake Van location is the home of the rare Van Kedisi breed of cat, noted for amongst other things its unusual fascination with water.

Since about 1995 there have been documented sightings of a ‘Lake Van monster’ about 15 metres) in length named Van Gölü Canavarı (Monster of Lake Van).
The lake is encircled by fruit and grain-growing agricultural areas.

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Breathtaking in the beauty of its environment, the ruined church of Akdamar Island in Lake Van represents one of the most sublime examples of Armenian faith based architecture. The church is the sole remaining building of the palace of Aght’amar built by the architect Bishop Manuel in between 915 and 921 AD. Built during the reign of the Armenian King Gagik Ardzrouni of the Vaspurakan dynasty, the complex of buildings originally included streets, gardens and terraced parks encircling the palace and church. Built with a cruciform plan (cross-shaped) and a conical roof domed on the inside, the creating is made of red coloured tufa stone brought to the island from distant quarries.

Upon the outdoors walls of the church are extremely beautiful but much weathered stone reliefs by Armenian master carvers. These reliefs depict Biblical scenes with Adam, Eve, Abraham, David and Goliath, and Jesus as well as earthly themes, such as life at structure, hunting scenes and human and animal figures. A remarkable design of vines interspersed with pets carved in high relief encircles the exterior of the church. The method these themes are worked show an influence of 9th and 10th century Abbasi art, which was itself affected by Central Asian Turkish Art. Early explanations and local stories tell that the relief carvings and the door to the church were set with valuable stones, pearls and gold encrustations but these have long since vanished. The interior church walls are embellished with frescoes displaying religious themes but vandals and the components have much degraded these once lovely paintings.

The name given to the island, Aght’amar, is described by a local legend. A nobleman who fell in love with a stunning girl named Tamar visited the island every night to see her. As he was crossing the lake one stormy night, his boat capsized and fighting the waves, he drowned uttering the words “Ach Tamar”. Tamar, awaiting the arrival of her loved one, grieved deeply upon hearing the news of his death and died soon after. Hence, the island was called “Ach Tamar” (Aght’amar) ever since. Local tradition also tells that the lake is captivated and that angels go in and out of the water. The island lies close to the shore Lake Van (Turkey’s third largest lake) and is approximately 55 kms from the city of Van. In the early spring, when the island’s trees are blossoming with fragrant blossoms, the island is a place of truly enchanting beauty.

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An interesting matter which few people know about Lake Van is that, at 1670 meters above sea level, it is a salt lake. Other large bodies of water in the same general region, such as Lake Urmia (at 1250 metres above sea level), the Caspian Sea (the largest landlocked body of water on the entire planet), and the Aral Sea (480 kilometers east in the countries of Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan) are also salt lakes, and yet there are no appreciable salt layers bordering any of these lakes in the local geological strata. The Caspian Sea also contains porpoises and seals, animals which are normally only found in marine conditions. The existence of these high altitude salt lakes and their unusual marine life so far inland from ocean environments is a perplexing mystery to orthodox scientists. Certain ‘unorthodox’ scholars, however, (for example Christopher Knight and Robert Lomas, writing in Uriel’s Machine) have gathered evidence which suggests that these bodies of water are each of fairly recent geological origin, courting to around 7640 BC and the seven cometary objects known to have impacted the earth at that time. Why this is so fascinating is that these cometary impacts were all in ocean locations and are known to have initiated massive waves that overloaded great areas of land far national from the actual sites of the cometary impacts.

One of the seven effects was in the Persian Gulf region roughly 800 kms south of the area with the enigmatic salt lakes. Considering the strange event of great landlocked, sea water lakes deep within the continental landmass and the unexplained existence of ocean mammals in the lakes, it is safe to say that the probably explanation was that both the water and the mammals were transferred there by the massive flooding triggered by the 7640 BC cometary effects.

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• Koc Mosque – The mosque is located east of the Süleyman Mosque and was likely built by the Ayyubids