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Homer the name traditionally attributed to the renowned author of the Iliad and the Odyssey, the two great epics of Greek antiquity. Nothing is known about Homer as an individual. In fact, the question of whether a person can be responsible for the creation of the two epics is still controversial. However, linguistic and historical data suggests that the poems were composed in the Greek colonies on the west coast of Asia Minor during the ninth century BC.

Electra was the daughter of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra, the king and queen of Mycenae. When Elektra’s father came home from the Trojan War, his mother, Clytemnestra and her lover, Aegisthus killed. They also killed Cassandra, a concubine of Agamemnon and the Trojan War

Antigone in ancient Greece, Antigone is mostly linked to the myth that told of ancient greek playwright Sophocles, although it refers to different Antigone in the ancient greek world. Antigone was the daughter of the king of Thebes, Oedipus and Jocasta. It tells the story, Oedipus, the son of Laius and Jocasta killed his father Laius and became king of Thebes. Oedipus unknowingly married his mother Jocasta and had children with her.

Jason is a history of ancient Greek myth, a story that is passed from generation to generation. About a hero who went on a journey in search of the Golden Fleece so that he could help his father regain his kingdom of King Pelias. Aeson Jason’s father was king of Lolcus Alcimed and mother. Aeson half brother Pelias was eager for the throne of Lolcus while in battle, took the power Aeson and became king. Aeson Pelias and shared a common mother, Tyro. She was the daughter of Salmoneus and the sea god Poseidon. Pelias, to ensure that no family could challenge Aeson killed his family. Alcimed but saved her baby, Jason. To avoid your baby Alcimed said Chiron, who became his guardian.

Chaos – in an ancient Greek myth of creation, the dark, silent abyss from which all things were made. According to the Theogony of Hesiod, Chaos generated the solid Earth, from which emerged starry, cloud filled the sky. Mother Earth and Father Sky, embodied respectively Gaea and Uranus his descendants were the Titans parents. In a later theory, Chaos is the formless matter from which the cosmos, or harmonious order, was created.

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Gaea – She was the mother and wife of Father Heaven, Uranus. They were the parents of the creatures first, the Titans, the Cyclopes and the Giants – Hecatonchires (Hundred – headers). Uranus hated the monsters, and even if they were his children, locked them in a secret location on the ground. Gaea was enraged at this favoritism and persuaded their son Cronos to overthrow his father. The castrated Uranus, and his blood Gaea gave birth to the Giants, and the three avenging goddesses the Erinyes. Their children more and more terrible was Typhon, a monster of 100 head, which, though defeated by the god Zeus, was believed to Etna volcano spewing lava.

Tartarus - The lowest region of the underworld. Hesiod claimed that a brazen anvil would take several days and nights to fall from heaven to earth, and nine days and nights to fall from earth to Tartarus. Tartarus rose out of chaos and has been the destination of wicked souls. Uranus banished his children and Cyclops Hecatonchires in Tartarus, as Zeus also did to the Titans. Other famous inhabitants of Tartarus include Sisyphus, Ixion, Tantalus, Salmoneus, Tityus, Ophion and daughters of Danaus.

Eros – The god of love. It was considered a handsome and intense, attended by Pothos (“longing”) or Himeros (“desire”). Later mythology made him the constant agent of his mother, Aphrodite, goddess of love.

Erebus – Personification of the darkness of the underworld and the children of Chaos. . In later myth, Erebus is the dark region beneath the earth through the shadows that must go to Hades below. It is often used metaphorically for Hades itself.

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Uranus – Gaea – The personification of the sky, the sky god and husband of Gaia, the goddess land. . Their children are Hecatonchires, Cyclops and the Titans.

Hecatonchires – Three son of Uranus and Gaia. There were three of them: Briareus also called Aegaeon, Cottus and Gyges also called Gyges. They were gigantic and had fifty heads and one hundred arms each of great strength. They had 100 hands and helped Zeus in his war against the Titans.

Cronus – Rhea – Cronus was a ruler of the universe during the Golden Age. It was one of the 12 Titans and the youngest son of Uranus and Gaia, Cronus and his sister-queen, Rhea, became the parents of 6 of the 12 gods and goddesses known as the Olympians. Cronus had been warned that he would be overthrown by one of his own children. To avoid this, he swallowed his first five children when they were born. Rhea did not like it. She substituted a stone wrapped in swaddling clothes for their sixth child, Zeus. It was hidden in Crete, and as he grew older, he returned and forced Cronos to return all the other children who grew up within him. Zeus and his brothers and sisters have waged war against Cronos and the Titans. Zeus won, and the Titans were imprisoned in Tartarus, a cave in the deepest part of the underworld.

Coeus – Phoebe – Coeus was a titan of Intelligence, the father of Leto, husband of Phoebe

Oceanus – Tethys – the personification of the vast ocean. With his wife Tethys, they produced the rivers and six thousand children Oceanides called. He ruled over the ocean, a great river encircling the earth, which we thought was a flat circle. The nymphs of this great river, Oceanides, their daughters, and the gods of all the rivers on earth were their son.

Hestia – Virgin goddess of hearth. It was symbolic of the house around which a newborn was carried out before being received into the family. Even if it appears in very few myths, most cities have a common home where her sacred fire burned.

Hades – He was the lord of the underworld, ruler of the dead. He is a greedy god is very concerned about increasing his subjects. Those whose calling increase the number of dead were seen favorably by him. He was also the god of wealth because of the precious metals mined from the earth. His wife was Persephone that Hades abducted. The underworld itself was often called Hades. It was divided into two regions: Erebus, where the dead once they die, and Tartarus, the deeper region where the Titans were imprisoned. It was a dark and miserable, inhabited by vague forms and shadows and guarded by Cerberus, the three heads of families, dog dragon’s tail. Sinister rivers separated the underworld from the world and the old ferryman Charon transported the souls of the dead in these waters.

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Poseidon – god of the sea. Trident is a weapon that could shake the earth and destroy any object. He was second only to Zeus in power amongst the gods. Beneath the ocean, was a brilliant golden palace. Poseidon was the husband of a Nereid Amphitrite, with whom he had a son, Triton. Poseidon had numerous other love stories. At one point, he wanted to Demeter. You can put it to Demeter asked him to make the animal more beautiful than the world had ever seen. To impress her, Poseidon created the first horse. In some accounts his first attempts were unsucessful and created a number of other animals in his research. At a time when the horse was created his passion for Demeter had cooled.

Zeus – Hera – The god of heaven and ruler of the Olympian gods. He displaced his father and became chief of the gods of Olympus. Zeus was considered the father of gods and mortals. That does not create gods or death, he was her father in the sense of being the protector and ruler both of the Olympic family and the human race. His weapon was a thunderbolt. His breastplate was the aegis, his bird the eagle, his tree the oak. He was married to Hera, but is famous for his many affairs, which led to many kids know and probably many more that are not known to be. Athena was his favorite child. He wore only his head. One of the biggest festivals of Zeus was the Olympics. They were held in Olympia every four years. Even if there was a war between the city states of Greece were to stop the war to take part in this game.

Hera’s marriage was founded in conflict with Zeus and continued in the war. Writers represented Hera as always jealous of Zeus’s many lovers. It punishes rivals and their children, among both goddesses and mortals, with implacable fury. The peacock (symbol of pride, a carriage pulled by peacocks) and cow (which was also known as Bopis, which means “cow-eyed”, which was later translated as “with big eyes” were her sacred animals . Her favorite city is Argos.

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Demeter – Zeus – Goddess of maize and yield. He has taught man the art of plowing and sowing, so that they can end their nomadic existence. He was serious, beautiful hair almost relieved. that was as beautiful as the corn ripens. Poseidon his field, but Demeter refused to own him. To escape he fled to Arkadia, assuming the latter form of the mare, she mingled with herds of King Oncus. Poseidon, however, was able to see him, became a stallion and became her mother’s horse Arion.

When her daughter Persephone was abducted by Hades, god of the underworld, Demeter’s grief was so great that she neglected the land, the plants grew, and famine devastated the land. Appalled by this situation, Zeus, demanded that his brother Hades return Persephone to her mother. Hades agreed, but before he released the girl, made her eat some pomegranate seeds that requiring it to return with him for four months a year. In his joy at being reunited with her daughter, Demeter caused the earth to produce bright spring flowers and abundant fruit and grain for harvest. However, her pain returned each fall when Persephone had to go to hell. The bleakness of winter and death of vegetation is considered as the annual event of the pain of Demeter when her daughter was wearing. Demeter and Persephone were worshiped in the rites of the Mysteries of Eleusis.

Persephone - Persephone was Queen of the Underworld and the daughter of Demeter. Persephone is the goddess of the underworld in Greek mythology. She is the daughter of Zeus and Demeter, goddess of the harvest. Persephone was a beautiful girl that everyone loved him, even Hades wanted her for himself. Although Zeus gave his consent, Demeter was unwilling. Hades, therefore, grabbed the girl while she was picking flowers and carried him out of his kingdom. Persephone was the personification of the recovery of habitat in the spring. His attributes in iconography can be a torch, crown, scepter, and the stalks of wheat.

Leto – Zeus – The mother of Artemis, the goddess of the bow and hunting. He was loved by the god Zeus who, fearing the jealousy of his wife, Hera, banished Leto when she was about to give your child. All countries and islands were also afraid of Hera’s wrath and refused the desperate Leto a home where the child could be born. Finally, in his wanderings, he stepped on a small island floating in the Aegean Sea, which was called Delos.

Iapetus – The son of  Uranus and Gaia. The wife of Iapetus was Clymene.

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Athena – or Pallas Athena is one of the most important goddesses in Greek mythology. Goddess of wisdom, war, art, industry, justice and skill. Athena ran an adult and armored from the forehead and Zeus and was his favorite. It’s been a proud and brave in battle, but fights only to protect the state and home from outside enemies. She was the goddess of the city, handicrafts and agriculture. She invented the bridle, which makes a man to tame horses, trumpet, flute, the pot, the rake, the plow, the yoke, the ship, and floats. His attributes in iconography are the aegis (fringed cloak, sometimes decorated with a Gorgon’s head), a helmet and a spear.

Ares - God of War. He was very aggressive. He was unpopular with the gods and humans. Ares was not invincible, even against mortals. He personified the brutal nature of war. He was immortal, but every time he gets hurt, he would go to his father, Zeus and was healed. Ares was worshiped mainly in Thrace.

Hebe - goddess of youth. She, along with Ganymede was the cupbearer of the gods, serving their nectar and ambrosia. It also prepared the bath Ares and helped Hera to her chariot. Hebe was the wife of  Hercules.

Hephaestus - god of fire and metal. He was born lame and weak, and shortly after his birth, was thrown out of Olympus. In most legends, but was honored again as soon as the Olympus, and was married to Aphrodite, the goddess of love, and Aglaia, one of three feet. His laboratory was believed buried under Mount Etna in Sicily. He has done great things and the gods, including the twelve golden thrones, weapons and treasures of the gods.

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Apollo – Apollo was primarily a god of prophecy. Sometimes it was given the gift of prophecy to mortals whom he loved, as the Trojan princess Cassandra. As a prophet and a magician, who is the patron of medicine and healing. He was a talented musician who delighted the gods with his performance on the lyre. He was also a master archer and a fast athlete, credited with being the first winner in the Olympics. Her twin sister was Artemis. He was famous for his oracle at Delphi. People traveled to it from anywhere in the Greek world to divine the future. He was also the god of agriculture and livestock, and light and truth.

Artemis – Artemis was the goddess of hunting and animals, as well as delivery. His twin brother Apollo. As the goddess of the moon, sometimes identified with the goddesses Selene and Hecate.Her attributes are the bow and arrow, while dogs, deer and goose are her sacred animals. Her temple at Ephesus was more complex.

Atlas – Son of the Titan Iapetus and the nymph Clymene, and brother of Prometheus. Atlas fought with the Titans in the war against the gods of Olympus. Atlas took by assault the heavens and Zeus punished him for this fact by condemning him to forever bear the earth and the sky on his shoulders. He was the father of the Hesperides, the nymphs who guarded the tree of golden apples, and Heracles (Hercules).

Prometheus - Prometheus was the wisest Titan, known as the friend and benefactor humanity.He stole the sacred fire from Zeus and the gods. He also deceived the gods, they should get more parts of any animal sacrificed to them, and people better. Zeus ordered Prometheus chained be for eternity in the Caucasus. It would be an eagle eating his liver every day and the liver would be renewed. So the punishment was endless, until Heracles finally killed the bird.

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Epimetheus - Epimetheus was a Titan, whose name means “afterthought”.  In some accounts, he was transferred with his brother Prometheus by Zeus to create mankind. He foolishly ignored his brother Prometheus’ warnings to be wary of all the gifts of Zeus. He accepted Pandora as his wife, bringing the aches and pains in the world.

Maia – Zeus – Maia was the daughter of Atlas. She was one of the lovers of Zeus. She and Zeus was the mother of Hermes.

Dione - Zeus – The goddess Dione titánide or Zeus became the mother of Aphrodite.

Hermes – Hermes’s main role was as a messenger. As a special civil servant and messenger of Zeus, Hermes had winged sandals and a winged hat and bore a golden caduceus or magic wand, entwined with snakes and surmounted by wings. He led the souls of the dead to the underworld and was believed to possess magical powers over sleep and dreams. Five minutes after he was born, he stole a herd of cows from Apollo. He invented the lyre from a cow’s internal fibers. After Apollo learned what happened, he knew that his half-brother would he one of the Pantheon. Hermes was the patron of trickster and thieves because of his actions early in life. His attributes in iconography include kerykeion (personal messenger), winged boots, and petassos (CAP).

Aphrodite – Goddess of love and beauty. Aphrodite loved and was loved by many gods and mortals. Among her mortal lovers, the most famous was perhaps Adonis. Some of her sons are Eros, Anteros, Hymenaios and Aeneas (the Trojan lover Anchises). Perhaps the most famous legend of Aphrodite in the Trojan War, in September. She was the wife of Hephaestus. Myrtle was her tree. Dove, swan, and sparrow were her birds.

Zeus - First the Greek pantheon of gods are known to close the top of Olympus, a generation previous gods called Titans, to be held. The ruler of the angels Cronus was the son of Gaia (Mother Earth). Chrono mother had told him he had stolen one of his descendants, which would be extremely effective. Therefore, whenever the wife of Cronus, Rhea gave birth to a child, he swallowed the god of the newborn to prevent them from turning over his powers …

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I. Aphrodite—Birth

a. Aphros—foam; the story from HESIOD is that Aphrodite’s birth occurred from the foam that was upon the sea as a result of Ouranos’ castration. She then floated to the island of Cythera or Cyprus. (hence epithets: Cytherea and Cypris)

b. An alternate myth is that she is the child of Zeus and Dione—this serves our purpose of Olympians 2.0 a bit better. However, nothing but name is known about Dione.

c. The ancients were aware of this double birth tradition and thus, used it to serve their ideas of the duality of love’s nature—that of Aphrodite Urania (Celestial—sacred love) and Aphrodite Pandemos (of the people—profane love)

Aphrodite governs desire and sexuality. She is also known as Cytherea, Cypris, and Venus (Roman). She is often pictured with a sceptre or a mirror.

Aprhodites’ appearance

Due to the duality of the ancient rendering of Aphrodite, she is presented both in art and literature in differing ways. Also, remembering that mythology is oral in nature, clearly, different stories would arise. However, the conception of the love/fertility goddess was fairly universal in the ancient world. The idealized feminine form of sensual beauty was begun by a Greek sculptor named Praxiteles. The Venus de Milo is a copy of one of his works.

II—Aphrodites’ family
Maritus—Hephaestus, the only lame/ugly god

An episode from their marriage—Helius warned Hephaestus of his wife’s adulterous affair with Ares (Mars). Hephaestus trapped the lovers in his own bed and called upon the other gods to witness and ridicule the adulterers.

B. Liberi—
Most famous would be Eros and Aeneas.
Eros has dual birth stories—one is that he is an early cosmic deity, arising soon after creation. However, the second, and more popular story, is that he is the love child of A and A. He is depicted in art in many ways—usually a mischievous young man with bow and arrows; by which he might induce both love and hatred. His golden tipped arrows cause love; his lead tipped ones cause hate. Hence, the story of Apollo and Daphne from Ovid.

Her second famous child is Aeneas, son of Anchises, the Dardanian. She sleeps with him in consequence of her boasting that she has never succumbed to the lusts which other gods have. As a result, she continues to glorify Anchises and work on behalf of both him, his people, and his progeny (Aeneas).

Her lesser well-known children
Priapus (son of Hermes, Dionysus, Pan, Adonis, or Zeus)—a fertility god depicted with a giant and erect phallus.
Hermaphroditus (son of Hermes)—aka Atlantiades or Atlantius (from Atlas, his paternal great-grandpa)—was taken by Salmacis, the river nymph, who immovably clung to him. Hence, he was both male and female. Horrified by this, Hermaphrodites prayed that all who bathed in the Salmacis river become as he—hence, the modern term “hermaphrodite”.

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(1) DIVINE OFFSPRING
ANTEROS The god of reciprocal (or some say, unrequited) love was a son of Ares and Aphrodite.
BEROE The goddess of the city of Beroe (in Lebanon, Asia Minor) was a daughter of Adonis and Aphrodite. She wed the god Poseidon.
DEIMOS The god of fear was a son of Ares and Aphrodite.
EROS The winged boy god of love was a son of Aphrodite and her constant companion. (Some say the father was Ares, others that she was born pregnant with the child).
EROTES, THE The winged godlings of love were sons of Aphrodite.
HARMONIA The goddess of harmony (marital and civic) was a daughter of Ares and Aphrodite, born of their adulterous union. She was married to the mortal Kadmos, founding King of Thebes.
HERMAPHRODITOS The Hermaphroditic godling was a son of Hermes and Aphrodite. His form was merged with that of the Naiad Salmakis to form a creature that was half male and half female.
HIMEROS The god of desire, twin brother of Eros, was a son of Aphrodite. The goddess may have been born pregnant with the pair, giving birth to them as she grew from the sea-foam.
IAKKHOS A god of the Eleusinian Mysteries, often called the Eleusinian Dionysos or Hermes was, according to the Orphic Hymns, a son of Dionysos and Aphrodite.
PEITHO The goddess of persuasion and seduction was sometimes said to be a daughter of Aphrodite. (She was usually, however, described as an Okeanis daughter of Okeanos and Tethys).
PHOBOS The god of panic was a son of Ares and Aphrodite.
POTHOS The god of sexual longing was a son of Aphrodite. He was one of the Erotes.
PRIAPOS The god of garden fertility was a son of Aphrodite by Dionysos, Zeus or Adonis.
RHODOS (aka RHODE) The goddess of the island of Rhodes and wife of Helios was a daughter of Aphrodite and Poseidon.

(2) MORTAL OFFSPRING
AENEAS A Prince of Dardania (near Troy, in Asia Minor) who was born of Aphrodite and Ankhises. He led his people on the side of the Trojans in the Trojan War and later founded the Kingdom of the Latins (Rome).
ASTYNOOS A Prince of Syria (in Asia). He was a son of Aphrodite and Phaethon.
ERYX A King of Sikelia (Sicily, in Southern Italia) who was born of Aphrodite and the Argonaut Boutes.
HEROPHILOS (aka HEROPHILE) One of the sibyls (prophetesses) who was said to be a daughter of Poseidon and Aphrodite.
LYROS A Prince of Dardania (near Troy, in Anatolia) who was born to Aphrodite and Ankhises.

- Episodes
A. The Judgment of Paris/Trojan War
Bribed Paris with promise of Helen.
Was awarded the golden apple.
Saved Paris many times during the ensuing war.
Wounded by Diomedes (while aiding her son, Aeneas) and knocked down by Athena (while aiding Ares)
Did lend Hera her “cestus” (girdle) during the war.
In one lesser known tale, she even allows Achilles and Helen to meet.

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Episodes, cont.
B. Adonis
Orsedice, Laogore, and Braesia, filiae of King Cinyras of Cyprus, caused Aphrodite’s displeasure.
Aph. caused them to lust after strangers.
The 4th daughter, Myrrha, due to her mother’s boast of her beauty being superior to Aph’s, made her lust for her own father. Thus, Adonis born.
Immediately, Aph loved the baby and gave him to Persephone for care. Persephone immediately became enamored of the boy, too.
The two goddesses quarreled, with the resulting judgment, made by the muse Calliope, being that the boy, now a fine young man, spend part of each year with both.
Aphrodite killed Orpheus to spite Calliope for her judgment.
Adonis is lost altogether when killed by a wild boar. Adonis’ blood results in the blood-red anemone.

Cupid and Psyche (as told by the late Roman author Apuleius, in Metamorphoses, a.k.a, The Golden Ass)
-Psyche was the fairest of three daughters. So fair, she incurred the jealousy of Aph.
-Aph orders Cupid to cause Psyche to fall in love with the most vile of creatures—TAMEN, Cupid himself falls for the dame.
-the story is too long to tell here, however, consult Morford and Lenardon, chapter 9, to get all the details. Ultimately, Psyche and Cupid are able to overcome many obstacles and difficulties and “all ends happily ever after”. The result of the union of the two was “Voluptas”—the god Pleasure and Psyche is granted immortality.
-a list of the tasks assigned to Psyche by Aphrodite:
a. Sort a vast quantity of grains in one night (aided by the ants).
b. Bring back the golden wool of some dangerous sheep (aided by a reed, which murmured instructions on how best to get the wool without danger)
c. Retrieve water from a high mountain stream (became Cocytus); faced a dragon to do so. (aided by Jupiter’s eagle)
d. Descend to the underworld and retrieve Persephone’s beauty. (aided in this by a speaking tower and by Cupid, himself, who awakened the girl when her curiosity got the best of her and she looked in upon the box which contained Persephone’s beauty)

REVENGE—Aphrodite was a wench when she was offended

A. Hippolytus, son of Theseus, didn’t worship her.
Step-mom Phaedra (sister of Ariadne) fell in love with him. Caused both their deaths.
Tyndareus, King of Argos, didn’t honor Aph. enough
—caused all 3 of his daughters (Helen, Clytemnestra, and Timandra) to betray their husbands.
Pasiphae
—when Minos didn’t sacrifice the Cretan bull, she developed lust for the bull.
Lemnian women
—same reason. Caused them to stink, resulting in husbands taking foreign wives. Lemnian women kill all men on the island. She relents, finally, to honor her hubby, Hephaestus, and allows Jason and the Argonauts to re-populate the island.
Clio (muse)—fell in love with the mortal Pierus
Eos—fell in love with mortal after mortal (payback for laying with Ares)
Helius—fell in love with Leucothoe (for telling Hephaestus about her and Ares). This indirectly caused Leucothoe’s death.
Glaucus—refused to allow his herd of mares to breed—she caused them to eat their masters alive.

HELP—Aphrodite could be beneficial when she chose
Hippomenes (sometimes Melanion)—aided him in quest for Atalanta by giving him the golden apples. (turned them both into lions, though, when they forgot to thank her)
Pygmalion—heard his pious prayer and turned his creation into a woman (sometimes called Galatea). N.B. Propoetides—the first prostitutes
Adopted the daughters of Pandareus and arranged good marriages for them.
Creusa—rescued her from slavery to the Greeks.
Butes—the Argonaut—aided him in escaping the Sirens’ island.
Ino—pitied her and begged Poseidon’s aid on her behalf.

Epithets

Aphrodite Urania–Aphrodite the heavenly Aphrodite the Golden Aphrodite Kypris–The Aphrodite of Cyprus, the Cytherian Venus Aphrodite Paphos–The Aphrodite of Paphos Aphrodite, Mother of the Mountain Aphrodite, Daughter of Zeus (only appears in epics, contrast with Hesiod in which Aphrodite is born from sea-foam) Aphrodite Philommeides–Laughter-loving Aphrodite Aphrodite Pandemos–Aphrodite, lover of the whole people [partly in the specific sense of Aphrodite being a goddess of prostitution, but also in the sense of an all-embracing love of people as a whole] Aphrodite Polos–Aphrodite, the high-crowned Venus Genetrix–Venus the progenitor [a Roman cult made popular by the Aeneas tradition and Julius Caesar]

Symbols, etc.

Aphrodite was associated with, and often depicted with, the sea, dolphins, doves, swans, pomegranates, apples, myrtle, rose trees, lime trees, clams, scallop shells, and pearls.

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