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Ephesus

Ephesus, which was established as a port used to be the largest shopping center. He played a major role in ancient times with its strategic location. Ephesus is located in a fertile valley.Ephesus, once the commercial center of the ancient world, a religious center of early Christianity, and today is an important tourist center Ephesus in Turkey.The ancient city of Ephesus in Selcuk, a small town 30 km from Kusadasi.The ruins of Ephesus, have a special meaning and value among the many sites of archaeological interest. This is due to its inestimable artistic patrimony, its titanic heritage of history and culture, and the inexhaustible beauty and charm of its archaeological site.

The original site of ancient Ephesus was probably founded in the Aegean coast on the shores of this sea which is now located 8 km. away from the archaeological excavations. Over the centuries, in fact, placed in the rubble of the plain “Kucuk Menderes” has enlarged the alluvial plain surrounding the archaeological zone, leaving behind, in fact, on the shores of the Aegean.

In Roman times it was situated on the northern slopes of the hills and Coressus Pion and south of the Cayster (Kucuk Menderes) River, the sediment that has formed a fertile plain but has caused the coast to go beyond the west . In Roman times a sea channel was maintained with difficulty to a good port west of Pion. At the end of the Byzantine period, this channel had become useless, and the coast by the mid-20th century was three miles farther west.

Ephesus, Corinth, unlike the old, about 1000 years ago, when Paul arrived in the summer of AD 52. Athens, founded a colony in the 10 century BC, its historical roots are shrouded in myth. For a short time was under the supervision of King Croesus, Lydia, and up to Cyrus, the Persian king, defeated him in 547 BC. The Persians controlled city about 200 years until it was conquered by Alexander in 334 BC. Then it became a Greek city about 200 years before Roman bought all of the province of Asia Attaloksen III, 133 BC, the king, who gave Stoa in Athens.

Lydia effect produced mixed culture of Ephesus, the Greek side, the Asians, more than anywhere else in the East greek. Successor of Alexander, Lysimachus (c. 290 BC), the walled city and parts of “the wall is still visible. The city in cooperation with Mithridates VI, king of Pontus, in his rebellion in Rome 88-85 BC. An accident more was a day of slaughter of 80 000 Roma in Asia. Ephesus paid a heavy price, in collaboration with other Greek cities, including Rome retaliated back to supremacy in the East. The city was also formally welcomed Antony and Cleopatra 32-31 BC, during the winter on the way September 31 Actium loss

However, immediately after the reign of Augustus (27 BC), Ephesus entered an era of prominence and prosperity, which lasted until the second century AD. Augustus was the capital of the Roman province of Asia and has received the coveted title, “First and largest city in Asia.” Imperial sponsorship includes the construction of aqueducts, paved streets, and expansion of agora. During the Augustan era Ephesus was the largest mall in Asia, in fact, the third largest city of the Empire, after Rome and Alexandria, with a population of about 200,000. The location was one of the many reasons for business growth. El Camino Real, built by the Persians to run from Ephesus to Susa, the Persian capital, is a gateway to and from the inside. The Romans used landmarks in the city as the origin for measuring distances in Asia.

Ephesus prospered halfway to the late second century AD, but the incompetence and cruelty of a growing number of Roman emperors in the final centuries of the second and third that led to their decline. Ephesus was also affected by the unrest in the eastern border of the Empire “in the third century, murders, pogroms against Christians, and the intervention of the Goths in southern Russia. Invaders Gothic badly damaged the city and the Temple Artemis, which has never been restored to its former glory. Strong earthquakes in the fourth and seventh centuries led to the partial abandonment of the city.

Third Ecumenical Council held in Ephesus in 431 AD, and Justin Martyr, the first Christian philosopher, was changed there.

Not the Goths, not the slime of the river, but earthquakes and malaria-carrying mosquitoes Ephesus finally finished somewhere between 6 and 10 century. The place was completely abandoned after the 14th century.

According to the book of Acts (18:19-21), Paul’s first visit was only one step on the road to Antioch, Syria. Acts of the Apostles ‘version’, he returned overland to Ephesus and Antioch, visited the churches he had established in Galatia and Phrygia on the road (18:23, 19:1). After returning to Ephesus, Paul calmed down, and carried out his ministry here in over two years (19:10). Some scholars think that Paul may have been transferred directly to Corinth, Ephesus, and to create a society without returning to Antioch. Which, Ephesus was the center of his missionary work at least 27 months, maybe 3 years (20.31).

With Ephesus as their base of operations, Paul and his team spread the Christian gospel in the cities and adjacent areas of Asia. His choice of Ephesus made sense because he was big, cosmopolitan, multicultural, and political center, economic and religious meeting place for people, goods and ideas around the Mediterranean. Such diversity of culture, religion and ethnic origin was not nice, but a product of cultural conflict, animosity and ethnic hatred simmering.

The story of Paul in Ephesus in Acts 19:01 to 20:01 tell. Acts says that he went first to the synagogue, but has not yet arrived at Ephesus, the synagogue remains. From there he moved to the hall of Tyrannus by his ministry of preaching and healing. Paul urged his listeners to join a new community, stripped of their ethnicity, and built on the sacrifice and mutual support.

Of the nearly three years, data Acts only two incidents highlight what Paul met at Ephesus. The city was known as a center of magic and miracles, and the first story is to move the Jewish exorcists who tried to heal the name of Jesus as Paul did, but could not (Acts 19:13-16). Be converted, burned in their works the magic arts magicians. (19:19).

The second incident was a riot in the theater of protest motivated by goldsmiths against Paul. According to Acts, Paul was a success (“the word of God grew mightily and prevailed” – Acts 19:20), which has threatened the livelihood of the artisans who have memories of money and the Temple of Artemis sold to foreign tourists and pilgrims . Most Greek and Egyptian pantheons were in Ephesus, but Artemis was the patron goddess. Researchers disagree about what that means, but the merger seems to have been Greek virgin goddess Artemis of chastity, and an ancient mother goddess. A source said that the religion of the goddess was not characterized by the base of sensual or focus on sexuality and fertility, but internationally recognized as a religion whose prime minister called on both the need for social and personal pietism Ephesians.

Ephesus Museum
Ephesus Photos
Synagogues Ephesus
Library of Celsus, Ephesus

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Ottomans

Named after its founder, Osman Bey, the Ottomans were resolved at the beginning of a large tribe Sogut 600 years old empire.

Osman Bey was born about 1258, son of Ertugrul Gazi. In 1284 the Anatolian Sultan Osman Bey Seldjuk recognized chief of the tribe. At the same time, Anatolia was Seldjuks reduce the time and could not resist the attacks Ilhanlis, Khan Cengis boys in Iran. This is a tragic situation as the people and the tribes of Anatolia in a state of mind very chaotic and unstable. Seldjukian Anatolian Sultan Osman II Giyaseddin Mesut Bey was restricted by placing the ruler of the tribe its limit.

Byzantium was bored with the struggles for the throne and be attacked by the princes and kings of the Balkans. The Greek beys called “Tekfur” are not obedient to the rule and the people were unhappy with high taxes. Osman Bey used the poor and invaded Byzantine Greek cities Karacahisar Tekhfurs, Bilecik and İnegöl Yarhisar. On the other hand, encourages the success of Osman Sultan Alaeddin Seljuk Anatolia III. He Inonu Eskisehir cities and during the reign of Osman in 1289. Alaaddin When III was transferred to Iran and killed by Sultan Mahmut Han Ilhanli Gaza, lack of authority in Anatolia Seljuk caused independence from the Ottomans in 1300 and coined money Osman Bey.

In 1301, and became Yenisehir Kopruhisar Yenisehir Byzantine conquered and became the Ottoman capital. The process of Osman Bey for creating a strong state is Tekhfurs and the Byzantine Empire united against him. Tekhfurs Bursa Kestel Orhaneli and attack on the Ottomans Koyunhisar “in 1302, which became known as the first war between the Byzantines and Ottomans ended with the victory of the Ottomans. Bursa was surrounded, step by step, after the game. The city received its tekhfur in 1326 to Orhan Bey, the son of Osman Bey.

Pressed from their homes in the Asian steppes, the Mongols, the nomadic tribes Turks converted to Islam during the eighth and ninth centuries. From the tenth century, one of the Turkic tribes, the Seljuk, had become a significant power in the Islamic world, and had accepted the sedentary lifestyle that included Islamic orthodoxy, the central government, and taxation. In addition, many other Turkish groups remained nomadic and continue the tradition of Gazi, tried to conquer the land of Islam, and to acquire war booty for themselves. This brought them into conflict with the Seljuk Turks, and soothes the nomadic tribes, Seljuks directed them to the eastern domain of the Byzantine Empire, Anatolia. Tribes known as the Ottomans was the lowest in the UAE was established in northwestern Anatolia after 1071 was named after Osman Dynasty (1259-1326), who has begun to expand its Byzantine Empire in Asia Minor, moving his capital to Bursa in 1326

The political and geographical entity governed by Muslim Ottoman Turks. Their empire was centered in present-day Turkey, and expanded its influence in southeastern Europe and the Middle East. Europe has been temporarily able to resist their advance: the turning point occurred at the Battle of Varna in 1444, when an army of the European coalition has not stopped the Turkish advance. Only Constantinople (Istanbul) remained in the hands of Byzantium and its conquest in 1453 seemed inevitable after Varna. The Turks subsequently established an empire in Anatolia and southeastern Europe which lasted until the early twentieth century.

Although the Ottoman Empire is not considered a European kingdom per se, Ottoman expansion had a profound impact on a continent already stunned by the calamities of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries and the Ottoman Turks should be considered in any study of Europe in the Middle Media. The ease with which the Ottoman Empire achieved military victories led Western Europeans fear the continued success of the Ottoman collapse of the political and social infrastructure of the West and the decline of Christianity. The main threat can not be ignored and the Europeans mounted crusades against the Ottomans in 1366, 1396 and 1444, but in vain. The Ottomans continued to conquer new territories.

One of a number of Turkish tribes that migrated from the steppes of Central Asia, the Ottomans were originally a nomadic people who followed a shamanistic religion primitive. Contact with different peoples settled led to the introduction of Islam and under Islamic influence, the Turks acquired their greatest battle tradition, the warrior of Gazi. Well educated and highly skilled, warriors fought to conquer the infidel Gazi, the acquisition of land and wealth in the process.

While the warriors fought for Islam Gazi, the biggest military asset of the Ottoman Empire was the standing army attention of Christian soldiers, the Janissaries. Originally created in 1330 by Orhan Gazi, the Janissaries were Christian captives from the conquered territories. Educated in the Islamic faith and trained as soldiers, the Janissaries were obliged to provide annual tribute in the form of military service. To meet the challenges of Gazi nobility, Murad I (1319-1389) became the new military force in the sultan’s elite military personnel. They were rewarded for their loyalty to the granting of newly acquired land Janissaries grew rapidly to cover the most important administrative positions in the Ottoman Empire.

During the early history of the Ottoman Empire, political factions within Byzantium employed the Ottoman Turks and the Janissaries as mercenaries in their own struggles for imperial supremacy. In 1340, a usurper for help in a revolt against the Ottoman emperor provided the excuse for an Ottoman invasion of Thrace on the northern border of the Byzantine Empire. The conquest of Thrace gave the Ottomans a foothold in Europe from which future campaigns in the Balkans and Greece were launched and Adrianople (Edirne) became the Ottoman capital in 1366. During the next century, the Ottomans developed an empire in Anatolia and was growing sectors of the Byzantine territories in Eastern Europe and Asia Minor.

The Ottoman expansion in Europe was well underway in the late 14th century. Gallipoli was conquered in 1354 and a great crusade army was crushed at the battle of Nicopolis in 1396th The disaster was so great that the knights of Western Europe has been discouraged to launch a new expedition against the Turks. The appearance of the Tatars of Tamerlane in the early fifteenth century temporarily delayed Turkish advances but the Ottomans soon resumed attacks against Byzantium and Eastern Europe. A Hungarian – Polish army was decimated at Varna in 1444 by Murad II, Ottoman conquests were virtually unchecked during the reign of his son, Mehmed II the Conqueror (1432-1481).

Constantinople itself was captured in 1453, sending shock waves across Europe, and its name was changed to Istanbul. With the wave in the fall of Byzantine Byzantine refugees fled to the Latin West, bringing classical and Hellenistic knowledge, provided further impetus to the nascent humanism of the Renaissance.

Athens fell in 1456 in Belgrade, and narrowly escaped capture when a peasant army led by the Hungarian Janos Hunyadi held a place in the same year, however, Serbia, Bosnia, Wallachia and the Khanate of Crimea were all under the Ottoman control in 1478. The Turks controlled the Black Sea and the Aegean Sea in the north and the first of many trade routes were closed to European shipping. The Islamist threat was even more when an Ottoman beachhead was established in Otranto, Italy in 1480.

Although the Turkish presence in Italy was short-lived, it seemed as if Rome itself must soon fall into Islamist hands. In 1529, the Ottomans had moved the Danube and the siege of Vienna. The siege was unsuccessful and the Turks began to retreat. Although the Ottomans continued to instill fear both in the 16th century, internal struggles began to deteriorate when the overwhelming military superiority of the Ottoman Empire. The result of the fighting was not a fatality and the Europeans began to win victories against the Turks.

Despite the military success of their territorial expansion, there were problems of organization and government of the Ottoman Empire. Murad II attempted to limit the influence of the nobility and Gazi by lifting former slaves and faithful Janissaries to administrative positions. These administrators came to provide an alternative voice to the nobility, and therefore subsequent sultans Murad II and able to play one faction against the other, a typical characteristic that came to the Ottoman Empire. The effect of Janissaries often violated a weak sultan and the elite military force sometimes acted as “kingmakers”.

Another weakness is that primogeniture was not used in Islam and the transfer of power from a deceased sultan to his son was frequently disputed. When the sultan died without a male heir or if he left several sons, succession was violently contested. In the first period, so that the actual competition, all male relatives newly crowned sultan was killed. Later, however, potential rivals were merely imprisoned for life. Some historians argue that this policy of imprisonment contributed to the decline of the Ottoman sultans were rescued mentally unstable and politically inexperienced from prison and placed on the throne. However, despite frequent disputes over succession, the Ottoman Empire managed to produce effective leader of the late Middle Ages and a comprehensive government policy developed.

Despite the difficulties of succession and administrative control, the Ottomans had a number of advantages that have contributed to its success, the enormous wealth of the empire is the most important asset. As the Ottoman Empire expanded, acquired control of trade routes from eastern European powers and many others, such as Venice and Genoa, paid large sums for the privilege of access to these routes.

While the atrocities of the “infidel turkish”, has struck fear into the hearts of all Christians in the late Middle Ages, in fact, the Ottomans generally allowed religious groups to continue to practice their religion in the conquered territories. They also tend to maintain the feudal institutions created, and in many cases, the codes allowed by law to regulate the coexistence of different ethnic and religious groups. Their administrative systems and government were well developed and highly efficient, and most countries in the Ottoman control were well cared for during this period.

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